Quiz 2 - Introduction to Organic Chemistry | Introduction to Organic Chemistry

The carboxyl group (–COOH) consists of a carbonyl group (C=O) and a hydroxyl group (–OH) attached to the same carbon atom and is characteristic of carboxylic acids.

Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but differ in the connectivity of their atoms. 1-butanol and 2-butanol both have the formula C₄H₁₀O but differ in the position of the hydroxyl group (-OH).

The structure has three carbons (propan-) with a carboxyl group (-COOH) attached, making it propanoic acid.

In an addition reaction, a π bond is broken, and new σ bonds are formed, as typically seen in reactions involving alkenes or alkynes.

Geometric isomerism occurs in compounds that have restricted rotation around a bond, typically a double bond or within a ring structure. In the case of alkenes, such as 2-butene, the double bond restricts the rotation, leading to two distinct arrangements: cis (where the substituents are on the same side of the double bond) and trans (where the substituents are on opposite sides of the double bond). 

Both aldehydes and ketones contain the carbonyl group (C=O). In aldehydes, the carbonyl is at the end of the carbon chain, while in ketones, it is within the carbon chain.

Resonance structures are different ways to represent the distribution of electrons within the same molecule, particularly in molecules with delocalized electrons.

Ethers are organic compounds in which an oxygen atom is bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups. In CH₃CH₂OCH₃​, the oxygen is bonded to two alkyl groups (ethyl and methyl).

In this reaction, an electrophile (HBr) adds to the electron-rich double bond of ethene, breaking the double bond and forming bromoethane. This is an example of an electrophilic addition reaction.

In an elimination reaction, two atoms or groups are removed from a molecule, typically resulting in the formation of a double or triple bond, as seen in the dehydration of alcohols to form alkenes.